PIDGIN AND CREOLE ( sociolinguistics )

—  A pidgin is a language with no native speakers: it is no one’s first language but is a contact language.

—  A creole is often define as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.

—  Locations

            The origin of pidgin comes from colonialism, trade and slavery. Pidgin languages started to develop in areas where the colonists and traders came and settled. Pidgin is a mix of local languages with influences of English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese etc. At that time pidgin was the lingua franca for trading and a communication tool for slaves.

            Have you heard of this expression ‘Long time no see‘? That is a simple example of Pidgin based on English. People understand it right away although the elaborate version of it is It has been a long time that I have seen you.

Pidgin creole arises when a mother tongue in a particular community. The structure is still describe the structure of pidgin, creole but called for being their mother tongue. Pidgin can be a creole when the foreign speakers and used by his descendants were then frozen as their first language. It just said creole pidgin language if this has been going on for generations.

Examples of Creole languages that still exist and are actively spoken now:

1. Tok Pisin, one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea. Tok pisin is derived from talk pidgin. Tok pisin consists of primarily English influences but it has also absorbed influences from German, Malay, Portuguese and their own Austronesian languages .

2. Papiamento or Papiamentu, one of the official languages in Aruba, Bonaire en Curaçao. It is a mix of local language with Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English and American Indian languages.

3. Hawaiian Pidgin or Hawaiian Pidgin English or simply called Pidgin is spoken in Hawaii. This creole language is a mix of Portuguese, Hawaiian, American English, Cantonese and Japanese languages.

4. French based creoles are widely spoken in the Caribbean (Guadeloupe & Martinique), Indian Ocean (Seychelles, Réunion & Mauritius).

LANGUAGE, DIALECT AND VARIETIES

Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and convensional way. Language Varieties is Language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors. Language may changes from region to region, from one social class to another, from individual to individual, and from situation to situation. This actual changes result in the varieties of language. Dialect is  a language variety, spoken by a speech community, that is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language • Idiolect: the speech variety of an individual speaker.

Varieties based on Hudson (1980: 24)ü a set of linguistic items with similar distribution  Ferguson (1971: 30)ü any body of human speech patterns which sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or process with broad enough semantic scope to function in all normal context of communication.

Varieties • Wardaugh (1988: 20) a specific set of linguistic items or human speech patterns (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical features) which we can uniquely associate with some external factors (presumably, a geographical area and a social group). Facts about dialects • All languages consist of dialects (a language is a group of dialects; to speak a language is to speak a dialect of that language) • Therefore, everyone speaks at least one dialect • Dialect differences are usually minor and dialects of a language are usually mutually intelligible.

KIND OF DIALECT

Regional Dialects = There may even be very distinctive local colorings in the language which you notice as you move from one location to another. Such distinctive varieties are usually called regional dialects of the language.

Social Dialects = The term dialect can also be used to describe differences in speech associated with various social groups or classes. There are social dialects as well as regional ones

One such attempt has listed seven criteria that may be useful in discussing different kinds of languages. According to Bell, these criteria (standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms) may be used to distinguish certain languages from others.

1. Standardization refers to the process by which a language has been codified in some way. That process usually involves the development of such things as grammars, spelling books, and dictionaries, and possibly a literature. (sudah ada tata bahasanya, cthnya dari kamus/sudah ketetapan)

2. Vitality, the second of Bell’s seven criteria, refers to the existence of a living community of speakers. This criterion can be used to distinguish languages that are ‘alive’ from those that are ‘dead.’  (mengacu pada keberadaan komunitas penutur yang hidup)

3. Historicity refers to the fact that a particular group of people finds a sense of identity through using a particular language: it belongs to them. Social, political, religious, or ethnic ties may also be important for the group, but the bond provided by a common language may prove to be the strongest tie of all.

4. Autonomy is an interesting concept because it is really one of feeling. A language must be felt by its speakers to be different from other languages. However, this is a very subjective criterion.

5. Reduction refers to the fact that a particular variety may be regarded as a sub-variety rather than as an independent entity

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About Us

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Conclusion about Agnes's group

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Language is  a tools or method and system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.

Sociolinguistics is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different social identities (e.g. gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech changes in different situations. Some of the issues addressed are how features of dialects (ways of pronouncing words, choice of words, patterns of words) cluster together to form personal styles of speech; why people from different communities or cultures can misunderstand what is meant, said and done based on the different ways they use language. Sociolinguistics encompasses a range of methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative.

Definition of Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguists study the relationship between language and society. They are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifyng the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. Here,  socio means society and linguist meansstudy of language. So, sociolinguist is the study of language that is related to society condition. There are some definitions about sociolinguistics based on some sociolinguist. They are:

1.    Sosiolinguistics are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. (Janet Holmes: 1947)

2.    Sosiolinguistics is the study of the caracteristics of language varieties, the carakteristics of their functions,and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constlantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.(Firsman: 1972)

3.   Sosiolinguistics is a developing subfield of linguistics which takes speech variation as it’s focus, viewing variation or it social context. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics variation. (Nancy Parrot Hickerson, 1980:81)

Minor = ( semantics, phonology, morphology, syntax etc)

Major = ( sociolinguistics, psicolinguistics, historical study etc )