My Collection of the Comments

comments untuk Agnes, Deti, Fella

Darly, Elfrida, Fariza

Faruq, Gita, Fella

Indri, johny, July

Linda, Salawatul, Dewi

Nur and Adhelia

Riska and Nurul

Tika, Widia, Shelvira

SEMANTICS

Semantics in Indonesian language derived from English semantics, from the Greek Sema (noun) 'mark': or from the verb samaino 'mark', 'mean'. The term used by linguists to describe parts of linguistics that studies the meaning.

Semantics is part of a three-level languages which include phonology, grammar (morphology-syntax) and semantics. The verb is semaino which means "mark" or "symbolize".

What is meant by a sign or symbol here as a synonym sema it is a sign of linguistic (French: signe linguistique) as proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure (1996), which is comprised of (1) component that defines, tangible forms of sound language and (2) defined component or the meaning of the first component. Both of these components is a sign or symbol; whereas marked or dilambanginya is something which is beyond language, commonly called referent or thing appointed.

The word semantics can be defined as the science of meaning or of meaning, which is one of the three level analysis of language: phonology, grammar, and semantics.

In addition to the term semantics in linguistic history there are also used other terms such as semiotics, semiology, semasiology, sememik, and semik to refer to the field of study of the meaning or significance of a sign or symbol. However, the semantics of the term more commonly used in linguistic studies for other terms that have the object of broader scope, encompassing the meaning of the sign or emblem in general.

In the semantic analysis should also be realized because of the language is unique, and has a very close relationship with the wearer's culture then the semantic analysis of a language only applies to the language course, can not be used to analyze other languages. The language is a cultural product and once the container conveys the culture of the community languages concerned.

Another difficulty in analyzing the significance is the fact that it is not always "the mark" and "marked" relates as one on one, that is to say, every linguistic sign has only one meaning. Sometimes the relationship is valid as opposed to two or more; it could be as two or more opponents one.

Example:

1) girlfriend 'inai'atau lover

2) books 'sheets of paper bound'

Besides the speakers a language consists of groups that represent cultural background, world view, and a different social status, hence the meaning of a word can be different or have different shades of meaning.

The views were an assortment of experts mejadikan experts have differences in interpreting the semantics. Understanding the different semantics is actually expected to linguistic disciplines to develop an extremely wide-ranging.

1. Charles Morrist, Suggests that the semantics examine "relations with the signs of objects which is a container application of these signs."

2. J.W.M Verhaar; 1981: 9 Suggests that the semantics (English: semantics) means a theory of meaning or significance theory, namely branch investigating systematic language meaning or significance.

3. Lehrer; 1974: 1, Semantics is the study of meaning. For Lehrer, semantics is a very broad field of study, because it helped offensive aspects of the structure and function of the language so that it can be connected with psychology, philosophy and anthropology.

4. Kambartel (in Bauerk, 1979: 195), semantics assumes that the language consists of a structure that reveals the meaning when linked to the objects in the world of human experience.

5. Britanika Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia Britannica, vol.20, 1996: 313), semantics is the study of the relationship between a linguistic distinction with the relationship of mental or symbols in speech activity.

6. Dr. Mansoer Pateda, Semantics is subdisiplin discuss linguistic meaning.

7. Abdul Chaer, Semantics is the study of meaning or the meaning. That is one of 3 (three) level of analysis of language (phonology, grammatical and semantic).

In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols used in the institution or the community in specific circumstances and context. In this view, voice, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics have content semantics (meaning), and each of which consists of several branches of study. In written language, things like the structure of paragraphs and punctuation bear semantic content, other forms of language bore other semantic content.

Formal studies of semantic overlap with many other areas of investigation, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others, though well defined semantics field in itself, often with synthetic nature. In the philosophy of language, semantics and references are inextricably linked. Related fields including philology, communication, and semiotics. Study formal semantics for being complex.

Semantically different from the syntax, the study of the language unit combinatorics (without reference to meaning) and pragmatics, the study of the relationship between language symbols, meanings, and language.

In linguistics, semantics is a sub-field devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent in the level of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse (text called). The base area of ​​research is the meaning of the signs, and the study of the relationship between the different linguistic units and compounds: homonymy, synonyms, antonyms, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, metonymy, holonymy, paronyms.

The main concern is how the meanings attached to the pieces that are larger than the text, possibly as a result of the composition of smaller units of meaning. Traditionally, semantics has included the study of meaning and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the relationship of all this to the syntax.

LEXICOLOGY

Understanding Lexicology - Lexicology in English is called lexicology, the science / studies on the shape, the history and the meaning of words. Meanwhile, in Arabic, lexicology called the Um Al-Ma'ajim, namely the study of the ins and outs of the dictionary. According iltilah, lexicology is the science that studies the ins and outs of the meaning / significance vocabulary contained or to be contained in the dictionary. In addition to the term lexicology and ilm al-Ma'ajim, there are also some other terms used to describe the science of dictionaries. For example, Ilm Al-alfadz, Al-Laffadzah, Ilm dalalah Mu'jamiyah and so on.

While lexicography (Dirasah Mu'jamiyah) is a science and art of crafting dictionaries by using systematics certain to produce a quality product dictionary, easy and complete.

Between lexicology and lexicography are inseparable. Lexicology without lexicography, will not produce a good product dictionary, correct and easily utilized by users of the language. Instead, lexicography without leksikologim also can only give birth dictionaries imperfect in expressing the meaning of the vocabulary. However, the science of lexicography as part of applied linguistics, more require the results of the study or the study of science lexicology in efforts to achieve a good dictionary, correct, complete and allows the reader. Therefore, the term 'science lexicology' more common than 'science of lexicography'. Mentioned 'lexicology' means relating and includes 'lexicography'.

Technically, Ali Al-Qasimy explained that lexicography is the science which deals with five main steps in preparing a dictionary, namely:

1. Collecting data (vocabulary)

2. Selecting the approach and method of preparation of the dictionary will be pursued

3. Compile a word in accordance with certain systematics

4. Writing materials, and

5. Publicize the codification of the language or the dictionary

Thus, both the science and the science of lexicography lexicology, both part dariilmu linguistics. lexicology, as the study of the development of semantics, become part of the science of theoretical linguistics (Ilm Al-lughah Al-Nadzary). While lexicography, as the study of the development of lexicology, being part of applied linguistics (Ilm Al-lughah Al-Tathbiqy).

Syntax

Source: Study Book Linguistic State University of Surabaya

1.  The syntax comes from Dutch syntaxis. In English used the term syntax.Syntax is an offshoot of the science of language to talk about the ins and outs of discourse, sentences, clauses, and phrases (Ramlan, 2001). Syntactic is one branch of grammar which the structure of sentences, clauses, and phrases.

2.   Type Phrase :

(   a)     Endosentrik coordinative phrases that phrase similar to its constituent elements can be inserted conjunctions and, or, for example: home yard, grandparents, spouses

(    b)    Endosentrik attributive phrase,   the phrase that its constituent elements are not equal and so can not be inserted conjunctions and, or, for example: new books, are learning, not teaching

(c)     Apositif endosentrik phrase, that phrase interchangeable elements in a sentence but can not be associated with the word and and or. 

3.    Clause

            A clause is a grammatical units in the form of a group of words which at least consists of subject and predicate and have the potential to be a sentence.Kridalaksana (1982: 82).

  Types of Clauses

            (1) The nominal clause

            (2) verbal clause

            (3) Clause numbers

            (4) The next clause

4.    Sentence

The sentence is the smallest unit of a collection of words that contains a complete thought. Keraf (1984: 156) defines the phrase as a part of the speech that preceded and followed by silence, while the intonation shows a part of speech it is complete. Kridalaksana (1982: 72) the sentence is a unit of a language that is relative standing of the clause. Baku Indonesian Grammar (1998) stated that the sentence is the smallest part of a speech or text (discourse) which reveal the intact language.